全国职称英语真题理工a
全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试共分三个专业类别：综合类、理工类、卫生类。下面是小编整理的全国职称英语真题理工a，希望能帮到大家!
全国职称英语真题理工a 1下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1. The revelation of his past led to his resignation.
A.imagination
B. confirmation
C.recall
D. disclosure
2. Jensen is a dangerous man, and can be very brutal.
A.careless
B. cruel
C.strong
D. hard
3. Youll have to sprint if you want to catch the train.
A.jump
B.escape
C. run
D.prepare
4. We are worried about this fluid situation full with uncertainty.
A. changeable
B. stable
C.suitable
D.adaptable
5. The new garment fits her perfectly.
A.haircut
B. purse
C. clothes
D.necklace
6. The phobia may have its root in a childhood trauma.
A.fear
B. joy
C. hurt
D.memory
7. They have to build canals to irrigate the desert.
A.decorate
B. water
C.change
D. visit
8. Her overall language proficiency remains that of a toddler.
A.disabled
B. pupil
C.teenager
D. baby
9. The coastal area has very mild winter, but the central plains remain extremely cold.
A. warm
B.severe
C.hard
D.dry
10. The details of the costume were totally authentic.
A. real
B.outstanding
C.creative
D. false
11. We are aware of the potential problems.
A.global
B. possible
C.ongoing
D. central
12. The idea was quite brilliant.
A.positive
B. clever
C.key
D. original
13. Stock market price tumbled after rumor of a rise in interest rate.
A.regulated
B. increased
C. fell
D.maintained
14. The course gives you basic instructions in car maintenance.
A. coaching
B. idea
C.term
D. aspect
15. All houses within 100 metres of these as at risk of flooding.
A. in danger
B. out of control
C.between equals
D. in particular
参考答案
词汇选项：DBCAC CBDAA BBCAA
阅读判断
The Greatest of Victorian Engineers
In the hundred years up to 1860, the work of a small group of construction engineers carried forward the enormous social and economic change that we associate with the Industrial Revolution in Britain. The most important of these engineers was Isambard Kingdom Brunel, whose work in shipping, bridge-building, and railway construction, to name just three fields, both challenged and motivated his colleagues. He was the driving force behind a number of the hugely ambitious projects, some of which resulted in works which are still in use today.
The son of an engineer, Brunel apprenticed with his father at an early age on the building of the Thames Tunnel. At the age of just twenty, he became engineer in charge of the project. This impressive plan to bore under the Thames twice suffered two major disasters when the river broke through into the tunnel when the second breach(决口)occurred in 1872, Brunel was seriously injured during rescue operation and further work was halted.
While recovering from his injuries, Brunel entered a design competition for a new bridge over the Avon Gorge near Clifton. The original judge of the competition was Thomas Telford, a leading civil engineer of his day, who rejected all entries to the competition in favor of his own design. After considerable scandal, a second contest was held and Brunels design was accepted. For reasons of funding, however, exacerbated(加剧) by social unrest in Bristol, the project was abandoned in 1843 with only the towers completed. After Brunels death, it was decided to begin work on it again, partly so that the bridge could form a fitting memorial to the great engineer. The entire structure was finally completed in 1864. Today, the well-known Clifton Suspension Bridge is a symbol of Bristol, just as the Opera House is of Sydney. Originally intended only for horse-drawn traffic, the bridge now bears over four million motor vehicles a year.
16.【题干】Brunel was an important airplane engineer in Britain during the Industrial Revolution.
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not mentioned
17.【题干】Brunel was involved less in railway construction than in other engineering fields.
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not mentioned
18.【题干】Brunel worked only on shipping, bridge-building and railway construction.
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not mentioned
19.【题干】Brunel work was largely ignored by his colleagues.
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not mentioned
20.【题干】Some projects Brunel contributed to are still in use today.
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not mentioned
21.【题干】Brunel became an apprentice with his father when he was very young.
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not mentioned
22.【题干】The Thames Tunnel project was more difficult than any previous projects undertaken in Britain.
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not mentioned
参考答案
阅读判断：CCBBAAC
概括大意
Geothermal(地热)Energy
1 Since heat naturally moves from hotter regions to cooler ones, the heat from the earths center flows outwards towards the surface. In this way, it transfers to the next layer of rock. If the temperature is high enough, some of this rock melts and forms magma(岩浆). The magma ascends in its turn towards the earths surface. It often remains well below the earths surface, creating vast areas of hot rock. In such regions, there are deep cracks, which allow rainwater to descend underground. Some of the heated rainwater travels back up to the earths surface where it will appear as a hot spring. However, if this ascending hot water reaches a layer of impermeable(不可渗透的)rock, it remains trapped, forming a geothermal reservoir. If geothermal reservoirs are close enough to the surface, they can be reached by drilling wells. Hot water and steam shoot up the wells naturally, and can be used to produce electricity in geothermal power plants.
2.A few geothermal power plants depend on dry-stem reservoirs which produce steam but little or no water. In these cases, the steam is piped up directly to provide the power to spin a turbine generator. The first geothermal power plant, constructed at Lardarello in Italy, was of this type, and is still producing electricity today.
3.Most currently operating geothermal power plants are either "flash" steam plants or binary(双重的)plants. Flash plants produce mainly hot water ranging in temperature from 300° to 700°Fahrenheit. This water is passed through one or two separators where released from the pressure of the underground reservoir, it "flashes" or boils into steam Again, the force of this steam provides the energy to spin the turbine and produce electricity. The geothermal water and steam are then reinjected directly back down into the earth to maintain the volume and pressure of the reservoir. Gradually they will be reheated and can then be used again.
4.A reservoir with temperatures below 300° Fahrenheit is not hot enough to flash steam but it can still be used to generate electricity in binary fluid. The steam from this is used to power the turbines. As in the flash steam plant, the geothermal water is recycled back into the reservoir.
23.【题干】Paragraph1_____
A.Dry steam plants
B.Binary plants
C.Origin of geothermal energy
D.Generation of electricity
E.Flash steam plants
F.Recyclable water and steam
24【题干】Paragraph2_____
A.Dry steam plants
B.Binary plants
C.Origin of geothermal energy
D.Generation of electricity
E.Flash steam plants
F.Recyclable water and steam
25【题干】Paragraph3_____
A.Dry steam plants
B.Binary plants
C.Origin of geothermal energy
D.Generation of electricity
E.Flash steam plants
F.Recyclable water and steam
26【题干】Paragraph4_____
A.Dry steam plants
B.Binary plants
C.Origin of geothermal energy
D.Generation of electricity
E.Flash steam plants
F.Recyclable water and steam
27.【题干】A geothermal reservoir is formed when hot water is trapped under _____.
A.the energy to turn a turbine
B.impermeable rock
C.one or two separators
D.turbine operator
E.little or no water
F.hot springs
28.【题干】A dry-steam reservoir produces steam with _____.
A.the energy to turn a turbine
B.impermeable rock
C.one or two separators
D.turbine operator
E.little or no water
F.hot springs
29.【题干】Flash plants produce hot water through _____.
A.the energy to turn a turbine
B.impermeable rock
C.one or two separators
D.turbine operator
E.little or no water
F.hot springs
30.【题干】In a binary plant, the heat of the geothermal water can be converted into _____.
A.the energy to turn a turbine
B.impermeable rock
C.one or two separators
D.turbine operator
E.little or no water
F.hot springs
参考答案
概括大意：EFCBBCEF
阅读理解
Sports star Yao Ming 【运动明星姚明】
If Yao Ming is not the biggest sports star in the world, he is almost certainly the tallest. At 2.26m, he is the tallest player in the National Basketball Association (NBA) and holds the record as the most towering Olympian ever to compete in the Games.
But what really stands out about the giant center is his celebrity(名气). Few, if any, Chinese athletes are as well-known as Yao around the world. People across the globe are fascinated with Yao, not only for his basketball prowess(杰出的`才能)also for being a symbol of international commerce.
When Yao joined the Houston Rockets as the No.1 pick in the 2002 NBA draft(选抜)， he was the first international player ever to be selected first. His assets on the court are clear enough—no NBA player of his size has ever possessed his mobility, so he is a handful(难对付的人)for opponents on either end of the court. But what makes Yao invaluable to the Rockets organization is his role as a global citizen and as a bridge to millions of potential basketball fans in China.
When it was announced in February that Yao would miss the rest of the NBA season and possibly the Olympics with a stress fracture(骨折)in his left foot, a collective shudder(震动)spread across China. After considerable debate and discussion, Yao opted to get his foot surgically treated in an operation that placed several tiny screws across the bone, to offer his overburdened foot more support. The surgery was a success, and though the estimated four-month recovery period will leave him little time to prepare with Team China, Yao has vowed to be ready for the Beijing Olympics.
Yao wrapped up a 10-day trip to China, where he underwent a series of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) treatments, hoping to accelerate his recovery process Western experts are generally skeptical of TCMs benefits although new research from the University of Rochester suggests that a certain compound derived from shellfish may indeed stimulate bone repair.
"There is no reason to dismiss TCM," Yao told a press conference in Beijing." Its been used in our country for thousands of years. I dont think that its short on science."
36.【题干】The word "towering" in Paragraph 1 means_____
A.large.
B.fat.
C.tall.
D.great.
37.【题干】Opponents find it very difficult to control Yao Ming because of his_____
A.mobility.
B.assault.
C.defense.
D.celebrity.
38.【题干】Yao Ming had to undergo a series of TCM treatments because_____
A.his right foot had been hurting.
B.he wanted to make a more rapid recovery.
C.the surgical operation had been a failure.
D.he couldnt afford all the medical expenses.
39.【题干】Which statement about Yao Ming is NOT true?
A.He missed the Athens Olympics.
B.He is an NBA player.
C.He fractured his left foot.
D.He is an international figure.
40.【题干】In general, the Western experts attitude towards TCM is_____.
A.indifferent.
B.positive.
C.negative.
D.doubtful.
补全短文
Researchers Discover Why Human Began Walking Upright
Most of us walk and carry items in our hands every day. These are seemingly simple activities that the majority of us dont question. But an international team of researchers, including Dr. Richmond from GWs Columbian College of Arts and Sciences，have discovered that human walking upright, may have originated millions of years ago as an adaptation to carrying scarce, high- quality resources. The team of researchers from the U. S., England, Japan and Portugal investigated the behavior of modern-day chimpanzees as they competed for food resources，in an effort to understand what ecological settings would lead a large ape — one that resembles the 6 million-year old ancestor we shared in common with living chimpanzees — to walk on two legs.
“These chimpanzees provide a model of the ecological conditions under which our earliest ancestors might have begun walking on two legs, "，said Dr. Richmond.
The research findings suggest that chimpanzees switch to moving on two limbs instead of four in situations where they need to monopolize a resource. Standing on two legs allows them to carry much more at one time because it frees up their hands. Over time，intense bursts of bipedal activity may have led to anatomical changes that in turn became the subject of natural selection where competition for food or other resources was strong.
Two studies were conducted by the team in Guinea. The first study was conducted by the team in Kyoto Universitys “ outdoor laboratory ” in a natural clearing in Bossou Forest. Researchers allowed the wild chimpanzees access to different combinations of two different types of nut — the oil palm nut，which is naturally widely available, and the coula nut, which is not. The chimpanzees behavior was monitored in three situations:(a) when only oil palm nuts were available,(b)when a small number of coula nuts were available，and(c) when coula nuts were the majority available resource.
When the rare coula nuts were available only in small numbers, the chimpanzees transported more at one time. Similarly, when coula nuts were the majority resource, the chimpanzees ignored the oil palm nuts altogether. The chimpanzees regarded the coula nuts as a more highly-prized resource and competed for them more intensely.
In such high-competition settings，the frequency of cases in which the chimpanzees started moving on two legs increased by a factor of four. Not only was it obvious that bipedal movement allowed them to carry more of this precious resource, but also that they were actively trying to move as much as they could in one go by using everything available 一 even their mouths.
The second study, by Kimberley Hockings of Oxford Brookes University, was a 14-month study of Bossou chimpanzees crop-raiding, a situation in which they have to compete for rare and unpredictable Resources. Here, 35 percent of the chimpanzees activity involved some sort of bipedal movement, and once again, this behavior appeared to be linked to a clear attempt to carry as much as possible at one time.
参考答案
补全短文：BAEFC
完形填空
Cell Phone Lets Your Secrets Out
Your cell phone holds secrets about you.Besides the names and numbers that youve programmed into it, ______traces____(51) of your DNA linger (遗留) on thedevice according to a new study
DNA is genetic (遗传的)material _____that_____ (52) appears in every cell. Like your fingerprint, yourDNA is _____unique______ (53) to you——unless you have an identical twin. Scientiststoday analyze DNA in blood, saliva (唾液), orhair left ____behind_______ (54) at the scene of a crime. The results oftenhelp detectives identify ____criminals______ (55) and their victims. Your cellphone can reveal more about you ____than_____ (56) you might think.
Meghan J. McFadden, a scientist at McMasterUniversity in Hamilton, Ontario, heard about a crime in which the suspect bledonto a cell phone and later dropped the____device_____ (57). This made herwonder whether traces of DNA lingered on cell phones一evenwhen no blood was___involved_____(58). She and colleague Margaret Wallace ofthe City University of NewYork analyzed the flip-open phones(翻盖***)of10 volunteers. They used swabs (药签) tocollect _____invisible___ (59) traces of the users from two parts of the phone:the outside, where the user ____holds_____(60) it, and the speaker which isplaced at the users ear
The scientists cleaned the phones using asolution made mostly__of____(61) alcohol. The aim of washing was to remove alldetectable traces of DNA. The owners got their phones back for another week.Then the researchers ___returned________ (62) the phones and cleaned each phoneonce more.
The scientists discovered DNA that _____belonged______(63) to the phones speaker on each of the phones. Better samples werecollected from the outside of each phone, but those swabs also picked up DNAthat belonged to other people who had apparently also ____handed______ (64) thephone
Surprisingly, DNA showed up even in swabsthat were taken immediately after the phones were scrubbed. That suggests thatwashing wont remove all traces of ___evidence________ (65) from a criminalsdevice. So cell phones can now be added to the list of clues that can clinch (确定)a crime-scene investigation.
51.
A. name
B.pictures
C. shapes
D. traces
52.
A. that
B. while
C.as
D.what
53.
A. common
B. good
C. helpful
D. unique
54.
A. behind
B. away
C. aside
D.over
55.
A. visitors
B. travelers
C.scientists
D.criminals
56.
A. until
B. before
C.unless
D. than
57.
A. paper
B. document
C. device
D.file
58.
A. checked
B. involved
C. tested
D. gathered
59.
A. invisible
B.emotional
C. poisonous
D. magical
60.
A. holds
B. watches
C. drops
D. covers
61.
A. with
B.by
C. for
D. of
62.
A. collected
B. answered
C. returned
D. used
63.
A. moved
B.changed
C. belonged
D.turned
64.
A bought B. repaired C.seen D. handed
65.
A. smell B. evidence C.sound D.color
参考答案
完形填空：DADAD DCBAA DACDB
全国职称英语真题理工a 2下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23 ~ 26题要求从所给的6个选项中为指定段落每段选择1个小标题；（2）第27 ~ 30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。
Geothermal（地热）Energy
1 Since heat naturally moves from hotter regions to cooler ones,the heat from the earths center flows outwards towards the surface．In this way, it transfers to the next layer of rock．If the temperature is high enough,s ome of this rock melts and forms magma（岩浆). The magma ascends in its turn towards the earths surface．It often remains well below the earths surface, creating vast areas of hot rock．In such regions, there are deep cracks, which allow rain water to descend underground．Some of the heated rainwater travels back up to the earths surface where it will appear as a hot spring. However, if this ascending hot water reaches a layer of impermeable（不可渗透的）rock, it remains trapped, forming a geothermal reservoir. If geothermal reservoirs are close enough to the surface, they can be reached by drilling wells．Hot water and steam shoot up the wells naturally, and can be used to produce electricity in geothermal power plants.
2 A few geothermal power plants depend on dry-stem reservoirs which produce steam but little or no water．In these cases，the steam is piped up directly to provide the power to spin a turbine generator．The first geothermal power plant, constructedat Lardarello in Italy, was of this type, and is still producing electricity today.
3 Most currently operating geothermal power plants are either "flash" steam plants or binary（双重的）plants. Flash plants produce mainly hot water ranging intemperature from 300°to 700°Fahrenheit. This water is passed through one or two separators where released from the pressure of the underground reservoir, it "flashes" or boils into steam Again，the force of this steam provides the energy tospin the turbine and produce electricity．The geothermal water and steam are then reinjected directly back down into the earth to maintain the volume and pressure of the reservoir. Gradually they will be reheated and can then be used again.
4 A reservoir with temperatures below 300°Fahrenheit is not hot enough to flash steam but it can still be used togenerate electricity in binary fluid．The steam from this is used to power the turbines．As in the flash steam plant, the geothermal water is recycled back into the reservoir.
23．Paragraph 1________
24．Paragraph 2________
25．Paragraph 3________
26．Paragraph 4________
A．Recyclable water and steam
B．Binary plants
C．Flash steam plants
D．Generation of electricity
E．Origin of geothermal energy
27．A geothermal reservoir is formed when hot water is trapped under________.
28．A dry-steam reservoir produces steam with________.
29．Flash plants produce hot water through________.
30．In a binary plant, the heat of the geothermal water can beconverted into____.
A．hot springs
B．impermeable rock
C．little or no water
D．turbine operator
E．one or two separators
F．the energy to turn a turbine
23．E 第一段介绍了地热能源的.来源。
24．F 第二段介绍了干蒸汽发电装置。
25．C 第三段介绍了注水发电装置。
26．B 第四段介绍了双循环发电装置。
27．B 第一段明确提到了“However, if this ascending hot water reaches a layer of impermeable（不可渗透的）rock, it remains trapped, forming a geothermal reservoir.”。
28．D 第二段提到了“In these cases, the steam is piped up directly to provide the power to spin a turbine generator.”。
29．E 第三段提到了“This water is passed through one or two separators where released from the pressure of the underground reservoir…”。
30．F 第四段最后一句话明确提到了“The steam from this is used to power the turbines. As in the flash steam plant，the geothermal water is recycled back into the reservoir.”。
全国职称英语真题理工a 3下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章面貌。
Researchers Discover Why
Humans Began Walking Upright
Most of us walk and carry items in our hands every day. These are seemingly simple activities that the majority of us dont question. 46 ________.The team of researchers from the U.S, England, Japan and Portugal investigated the behavior of modern-day chimpanzees as they competed for food resources，in an effort to understand what ecological settings would lead a large ape——one that resembles the 6 million-year old ancestor we shared in common with living chimpanzees——to walk on two legs.
"These chimpanzees provide a model of the ecological conditions under which ourearliest ancestors might have begun walking on two legs," said Dr. Richmond.
The research findings suggest that chimpanzees switch to moving on two limbs instead of four in situations where they need to monopolize aresource. 47________.Over time，intense bursts of bipedal activity may have led to an atomical changes that in turn became the subject of natural selection where competition for food or other resources was strong.
Two studies were conducted by the team in Guinea. The first study was conducted by the team in Kyoto University’s "outdoor laboratory" in a natural clearing in Bossou Forest. 48 ________.The chimpanzees behavior was monitored in three situations: (a) when only oil palm nuts were available, (b) when a small number of coulanuts were available, and (c) when coula nuts were the majority available resource.
When the rare coula nuts were available only in small numbers, the chimpanzees transported more at one time. Similarly, when coula nuts were the majority resource, the chimpanzees ignored the oil palm nuts altogether. 49 ________.
In such high-competition settings, the frequency of cases in which the chimpanzeesstarted moving on two legs increased by a factor of four. Not only was it obvious that bipedal movement allowed them to carry more of this precious resource, but also that they were actively trying to move as much as they could in one go by using everything available——even their mouths.
The second study, by Kimberley Hockings of Oxford Brookes University, was a 14-month study of Bossou chimpanzees crop-raiding, asituation in which they have to compete for rare and un predictable Resources. 50________.
A．Researchers allowed the wild chimpanzees access to different combinations of two different types of nut — the oil palm nut, which is naturally widely available, and the coula nut, which is not.
B．human walking on tou shdouf hiosu.
C．But an international team of researchers, including Dr. Rich mond from GWs Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, have discovered that human walking upright, may have originated millions of years ago as an adaptation to carrying scarce, high-quality resources.
D．Standing on two legs allows them to carry much more at one time because it frees up their hands.
E．The chimpanzees regarded the coula nuts as a more highly-prized resource and competed for them more intensely.
F．Here, 35 percent of the chimpanzees activity involved some sort of bipedal movement, and once again, this behavior appeared to be linked to a clear attempt to carry as much as possible at one time.
46．C 空格前面的句子讲的是人们不会对人类的日常行走等行为提出疑问，空格后面的句子是研究团队的研究发现，所以空格处应该是首先介绍这个研究团队，并与第一句形成提出疑问的对比。
47．D 空格前面的句子讲的是黑猩猩当要垄断资源时会用两条腿走路，所以空格处应该填写这样做的原因，即D选项中的这样可以腾出两手来拿更多的东西。
48．A 空格前面介绍的是这些研究由研究团队做出，空格后面讲的是研究过程中对黑猩猩的观察，所以空格处应该填写研究人员是怎么进行研究实验的。
49．E 可以根据空格前的关键词选出答案，关键词是“coula nuts”“the chimpanzees”，所以同样具有两个关键词的.E选项。
50．F 空格前面讲的是关于黑猩猩的第二个研究，所以后面应该填和此研究得出的结论相关的句子，选F选项。
全国职称英语真题理工a 4Older Volcanic Eruptions
Volcanoes were more destructive in ancient history, not because they were biggerbut because the carbon dioxide（二氧化碳）they released wiped out life with greater ease.
Paul Wignall from the University of Leeds was investigating the link between volcanic eruptions and mass extinctions. Not all volcanic eruption skilled off large numbers of animals, but all the mass extinctions over the past 300 million years coincided with huge formations of volcanic rock. To his surprise, the older the massive volcanic eruptions were, the more damage they seemed to do. He calculated the "killing efficiency" for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava (熔岩) that they produced. He found that size for size, older eruptions were at least 10 times as effective at wiping out life as their more recent rivals.
The Permian (二叠纪)extinction, for example, which happened 250 million years ago, is marked by floods of volcanic rock in Siberia that cover an area roughly the size of western Europe. Those volcanoes are thought to have pumped out about 10 gigatonnes (十亿吨) of carbon as carbon dioxide. The global warming that followed wiped out 80 percent of all marine genera (种类) at the time, and it took 5 million years for the planet to recover. Yet 60 million years ago, there was another huge amount of volcanic activity and global warming but no mass extinction. Some animals did disappear but things returned to normal within tens of thousands of years. "The most recent ones hardly have an effect at all," Wignall says. He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs(恐龙) 65 million years ago, because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact of an asteroid (小行星). He thinks that older volcanoes had more killing power because more recent life forms were better adapted to dealing with increased levels of CO2.
Vincent Courtillot, director of the Paris Geophysical Institute in France, says that Wignalls idea is provocative. But he says it is incredibly hard to do these sorts of calculations. He points out that the killing power of volcanic eruptions depends on how long they lasted. And it is impossible to tell whether the huge blasts lasted for thousands or millions of years. He also adds that it is difficult to estimate how much lava prehistoric volcanoes produced, and that lava volume may not necessarily correspond to carbon dioxide emissions.
41．Older volcanic eruptions did more damage than more recent ones because
A．older volcanoes were brighter.
B．carbon dioxide made the earth much warmer
C．older volcanoes were hotter
D．carbon dioxide killed off life more easily
42．Wignall calculated the killing power of those older volcanic eruptions by
A．estimating how long they lasted
B．counting the dinosaurs they killed
C．comparing the proportion of life killed with the volume of lava produced
D．studying the chemical composition of lava
43．When did dinosaurs become extinct?
A．300 million years ago.
B．250 million years ago
C．65 million years ago
D．60 million years ago
44．It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that the cause of dinosaur extinction is______
A．a political issue.
B．self-evident.
C．quite certain
D．controversial
45．What is the main thesis of the article?
A．Volcanic eruptions are not always deadly.
B．Carbon dioxide emissions often give rise to global warming.
C．Older volcanic eruptions are more destructive
D．It is not easy to calculate the killing power of a volcanic eruption
41．D 文章第一段就指出了“not because…, but becausethe carbon dioxide（二氧化碳）they released wiped out life with greater ease”二氧化碳更容易摧毁生命，with greater ease与more easily意思相同。
42．C 文中第二段可以找到对应答案“He calculated the"killing efficiency" for these volcanoesby comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava (熔岩) that they produced.”
43．C 文中第三段倒数第二句指出“Heignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs (恐龙) 65 million years ago…”恐龙6500万年前灭绝。
44．D 由第三段可推断出，恐龙灭绝的原因是A政治问题 B不证自明的 C非常确定的 D有争议的.。答案选D。
45．C 文章的主旨是什么？整篇文章都在解释一个事情，而且从开头第一段就已经点明了主旨：年久的火山爆发更具有破坏性。故选C选项。
全国职称英语真题理工a 5下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断；如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。
The Greatest of Victorian
Engineers
In the hundred years up to 1860, the work of a small group of construction engineers carried forward the enormous social and economic change that we associate with the Industrial Revolution in Britain．The most important of these engineers was Isambard Kingdom Brunel, whose work in shipping, bridge-building, and railway construction, to name just three fields, both challenged and motivated his colleagues．He was the driving force behind a number of the hugely ambitious projects, some of which resulted in works which are still in use today.
The son of an engineer, Brunel apprenticed with hisfather at an early age on the building of the Thames Tunnel．At the age of just twenty, he became engineer in charge of the project．This impressive plan to bore under the Thames twice suffered two major disasters when the river broke through into the tunnel when the second breach(决口) occurred in 1872, Brunel was seriously injured during rescue operation and further work was halted.
While recovering from his injuries, Brunel entereda design competition for a new bridge over the Avon Gorge near Clifton. The original judge of the competition was Thomas Telford, a leading civil engineer of his day, who rejected all entries to the competition in favor of his own desi(山根是什么？山根也叫鼻根，位于疾厄宫（年上、寿上）之上，在两眼之间，与眼同宽，属于心区。山根主要看一个人的心思、夫妻婚姻感情、父亲等。)gn．After considerable scandal, a second contest was held and Brunels design was accepted．For reasons of funding, however, exacerbated(加剧) by social unrest in Bristol, the project was abandoned in 1843 with only the towers completed．After Brunel’s death, it was decided to begin work on it again, partly so that the bridge could form a fitting memorial to the great engineer. The entire structure was finally completed in 1864．Today, the well-known Clifton Suspension Bridge is a symbol of Bristol, just as the Opera House is of Sydney．Originally intended only for horse-drawn traffic,the bridge now bears over four million motor vehicles a year.
16．Brunel was an important airplane engineer in Britain during the Industrial Revolution.
A．Right B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned
17．Brunel was involved less in railway construction than in otherengineering fields．
A．Right B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned
18．Brunel worked only on shipping, bridge-building and railway construction．
A．Right B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned
19．Brunels work was largely ignored by his colleagues．
A．Right B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned
20．Some projects Brunel contributed to are still in use today．
A．Right B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned
21．Brunel became an apprentice with his father when he was very young．
A．Right B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned
22．The Thames Tunnel project was more difficult than any previous projects under taken in Britain．
A．Right B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned
16. B 文章首段提到了Brunel等一些建筑工程师在工业革命中推动了社会和经济的.发展，不是飞机工程师。
17. B 文章第一段提到“whose work in shipping, bridge-building, and railway construction”，但是说Brunel在铁路建设中投入的说法是错的。
18. B 文中没有说“只”在shipping,bridge-building, and railway construction有工作。
19. C 文中提到Brunel的工作“both challenged and motivatedhis colleagues”既挑战了又激励了他的同事，没有提到是否被无视。
20. A 文中第一段句末为原句，表示了他的一些项目沿用至今。
21. A 第二段第一句话为原句，表示他从小就和他的爸爸学习建筑方面的知识。
22. C 全文并未提及TheThames Tunnel比英国之前任何项目都要难。
全国职称英语真题理工a 6Deforestation and Desertification(沙漠化）
The Sahel zone lies between the Sahara desert and the fertile savannahs(热带大草原）of northern Nigeria and South Sudan. The word sahel comes from Arabic and means marginal or transitional , and this is a good description of these semi-arid(半干旱）lands, which occupy much of the Western African countries of Mail, Mauritania, Niger, and Chad.
Unfortunately, over the last century the Sahara desert has steadily crept southwards eating into once productive Sahel lands. United Nations surveys show that over 70 percent of the dry land in agriculture use in Africa has deteriorated over the last 30 years. Droughts have become more severe, the most recent lasting over twenty years in parts of the Sahel region. The same process of desertification is taking place across southern Africa as the Kalahari desert advances into Botswana and parts of South Africa.
One of the major causes of this desert advance is poor agricultural land use, driven by the pressures of increasing population. Over grazing一keeping too many farm animals on the land一means that grasses and other plants cannot recover, and scarce water supplies are exhausted. Over cultivation一trying to grow too many crops on poor land一 results in the soil becoming even less fertile and drier, and beginning to break up.Soil erosion (侵蚀)follows, and the land turns into desert.
Another cause of desertification is loss of tree cover. Trees are cut down for use as fuel and toclear land for agricultural use. Tree roots help to bind the soil together, toconserve moisture, and to provide a habitat for other plants and animals. When trees are cut down, the soil begins to dry and loosen, wind and rain erosion increase, other plant species die, and eventually the fertile topsoil may be almost entirely lost, leaving only bare rock and dust.
The effects of loss of topsoil and increased drought are irreversible. They are, however, preventable. Careful conservation of tree cover and sustainable agricultural land use have been shown to halt deterioration of soils and lessen the effects of shortage ofrainfall. One project in Kita in south-west Mali funded by UNDP has involved local communities in sustainable management of forest, while at the same time providing a viable(有活力的）agricultural economy. This may be a model for similar projects in other West African countries.
36．The Sahel zone is an area which ___.
A．is covered with sad and grass
B．has a long history
C．occupies much of South Nigeria
D．belongs to Sudan
37．What is the situation about the desertification in Africa?
A．The deserts are replaced with grasslands
B．The deserts are expanding
C．the deserts are moving northwards
D．the deserts are being deserted
38．The word “deteriorated ” in paragraph 2 means ___.
A．deepened
B．suffered
C．slipped
D．worsened
39．What is the root cause of desertification?
A．poor farming
B．overpopulation
C．radical climate change
D．disappearance of rare plant species
40．In order to prevent desertification, the author proposes ___.
A．making good use of international aids
B．developing a sustainable agricultural economy
C．gaining international support
D．converting agricultural land into forest
36．A 文章首段提出“TheSahel zone lies between the Sahara desert and the fertile savannahs(热带大草原）of northern Nigeria and SouthSudan.”指明了萨赫勒地区被沙子和草地覆盖着。
37．B 第二段提到了“Unfortunately,over the last century the Sahara desert has steadilycrept southwards eating into once productive Sahel lands.”crept…eating into都生动形象的表明了沙漠化正在扩张。
38．D deteriorated“恶化”，deepened“使加深”， suffered“遭受”，slipped“打滑”，worsened“恶化”，所以选D选项。
39．A 文章第三段第一话“Oneof the major causes of this desert advance is poor agricultural land use,driven by the pressures of increasing population.”表明了造成植被退化的'主要原因之一是poor agricultural land use,即poor farming，故选A项。
40．B 文章最后一段讲的是作者提出的如何预防沙漠化的恶化，从“sustainable management of forest”中作者提议可持续发展农业经济，可以选出B选项。
全国职称英语真题理工a 7Cell Phone Lets Your Secrets Out
Your cell phone holds secrets about you. Besides the names and numbers that youve programmed into it, ______traces____(51) of your DNA linger(遗留) on the device according to a new study
DNA is genetic (遗传的)material_____that_____ (52) appears in every cell. Like your finger print, your DNA is_____unique______ (53) to you——unless you have an identical twin. Scientists today analyze DNA in blood, saliva (唾液), or hair left ____behind_______ (54) at the scene of a crime. The results often help detectives identify ____criminals______ (55) and their victims. Your cell phone can reveal more about you ____than_____ (56) you might think.
Meghan J.McFadden, ascientist at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, heard about a crime in which the suspect bled onto a cell phone and later dropped the device_____ (57).This made her wonder whether traces of DNA lingered on cell phones一even when no blood was involved_____(58). She and colleague Margaret Wallace of the City University of New York analyzed the flip-open phones（翻盖***）of 10 volunteers. They used swabs (药签) to collect invisible___ (59) traces of the users from two parts of the phone: the outside, where the user ____holds_____(60) it, and the speaker which is placed at the users ear
The scientists cleaned the phones using a solution made mostly of____(61) alcohol. The aim of washing was to remove all detectable traces of DNA. The owners got their phones back foranother week. Then there searchers ___returned________ (62) the phones and cleaned each phone once more.
The scientists discovered DNA that belonged______(63) to the phones speaker on each of the phones. Better samples were collected from the outside of each phone, but those swabs also picked up DNA that belonged to other people who had apparently also handed______ (64)the phone
Surprisingly, DNA showed up even in swabs that were taken immediately after the phones were scrubbed. That suggests that washing wont remove all traces of ___evidence________ (65) from a criminals device. So cell phones can now be added to the list of clues that can clinch (确定)a crime-scene investigation.
51．A．name B．pictures
C．shapes D．traces
52．A．that B．while
C．as D．what
53．A．common B．good
C．helpful D．unique
54．A．behind B．away
C．aside D．over
55．A．visitors B．travelers
C．scientists D．criminals
56．A．until B．before
C．unless D．than
57．A．paper B．document
C．device D．file
58．A．checked B．involved
C．tested D．gathered
59．A．invisible B．emotional
C．poisonous D．magical
60．A．holds B．watches
C．drops D．covers
61．A．with B．by
C．for D．of
62．A．collected B．answered
C．returned D．used
63．A．moved B．changed
C．belonged D．turned
64．A．bought B．repaired
C．seen D．handed
65．A．smell B．evidence
C．sound D．color
51．D 前文提到***泄露秘密，你设置的名字和数字，都会在***上留下DNA痕迹，trace有痕迹，踪迹的意思。
52．A that引导的定语从句。
53．D 根据上下文，前面是DNA就像你的指纹一样，后面是除非你有个同卵双胞胎，所以是指DNA对你是特殊的，选unique。
54．A left behind 固定搭配，指遗留在犯罪现场的`那些能提取DNA的血液、唾液和头发。
55．D 犯罪现场可以确定为罪犯和受害者，后面出现了受害者一词，所以空格处应是罪犯。
56．D 比较级句式，more…than.
57．C 文章第一段就提到过留下DNA信息在device上，所以此处选device。
58．B Be involved“涉及到”checked“检查”tested“检验”gathered“集中”此处是讲当不涉及到血液的时候，为什么还能搜集到DNA信息。
59．A invisible“无形的”，emotional“情绪化的”，poisonous“有毒的”，magical“魔幻的”所以根据意思选择A选项。
60．A 句子意思是***的外部，即用户拿着的部分，拿着***用hold。
61．D solution“溶液”made of 为固定搭配，由什么构成，即由酒精构成的溶液。
62．C 根据上下文意思，***拿走一周又还回来，所以选择return。
63．C belong to“属于”固定搭配，而且下句话中也有belong to。
64．D bought“买”，repaired“修”，seen“看”，handed“传递”，根据意思，只能选D选项。
65．B traces of evidence“追踪到证据”。
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